Nervous system is a system of organs which controls and co-ordinates all the activities of our body.The nervous system consists of Brain,Spinal cord,Nerves and Sense organs. Brain-The brain is the most delicate and important part of the nervous system.It is situated in the head and is well protected by the skull. It weights about 1.3 kg.The left part of the brain controls right part of our body and the right part of the brain controls left part of our body.Spinal cord-It is a tube like structure which is attached to the brain.It runs inside the vertebral column.The spinal cord is about 50 cm long.It carries message from the brain to all parts of the body,and from the body to the brain.
Nerves-The nervous system is made up of billions of nerves cells which carries messages throughout the body.The message travel through the cell as a small electrical current called nerve impulse
Sense organs-Humans have five sense organs of different senses.THEY are:Nose,Tongue,Skin,Eyes and Ears.These organs receive messages in the form of
sensation which send it to the brain through sensory nerves.
spinal cord
nerves
sense organs
nervous system
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Respiration
Respiration is the process in which oxygen is taken in,and carbon dioxide is released from the body.During this process there is a breakdown of food that results in the release of energy.The Respiratory system,in human beings consists of the following-Nasal Cavity,
Pharynx,Wind Pipe,Lungs,Diaphragm.
Parts of Respiratory System
Nasal Cavity-
Air enters the nose through the Nasal Cavity. As air passes through the Nasal Cavity,it gets warmed up and also get filtered.The hair presents in the nostrils stop the dust and germs from entering the Respiratory System.
Pharynx-
The nasal cavity leads into an organ called the Pharynx.From the Pharynx,air passes into the chamber called the larynx.The larynx produces sound and is also called the voice box.The opening of pharynx into larynx is guarded by the valve called the epiglottis.
Wind pipe-
The Wind pipe is a tube situated in front of food pipe in the neck.It is about 12 cm in length and 2.5 cm in diameter.
Lungs-
The bronchi lead into the Lungs which are situated in either side of the chest cavity.
Lungs contains number of air sacs and blood vessels.When air enters the lungs ,the blood vessels around the air sacs take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide and water.
Diaphragm-
Lungs cannot move by themselves it is the movement of diaphragm and the mussels
Diagram of Respiration system-
Diagram of Air Sacs-
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Coronavirus
Coronavirus disease(COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes .At this time there are no specific vaccines for COVID-19.
Protect yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol based rub frequently and not touching your face.
Also use N-95 Masks and when you talk to someone take 1-1.5 m
distance.
when you go out wear mask
Symptoms of novel coronavirus-
Coronavirus is spreading across the world
World USA Italy India
Cases- 7,40,235 1,42,793 97,689 1071
Death- 35,035 2,612 10,779 47
China Spain France Iran
Cases- 81,470 85,195 40,175 41,495
Death- 3,304 7,340 2,606 2,604
the record is of 31/3/2022
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Work -
"Work is done by a force only when this force ,acting on a body,produces some displacement of the body in its own direction."
Factors affecting the work done-
The work done by a given force depends on two factors:
- amount of force applied.
- displacement of the object produced by the applied force.
Energy-
When we come home after playing,we are tired.We do not feel like doing anything.In other words,our capacity to do work has decreased.When we take some refreshment,we feel active and energetic again.In other words,our capacity to do work has increased.we consider the capacity to do work as energy.Thus,energy is the capacity to do work.
It is energy,stored in arm muscles,that enables a player to throw a ball.The energy ,stored in a battery,enables a radio to play music,or a toy car to move.The player uses the energy,stored in her or his muscles,whereas the radio uses the energy stored in a battery.We regard energy as present,or stored,in different forms.We now talk about some of these forms of energy.
Forms of Energy-
1) Mechanical Energy-
concrete breaks when we hit by a hammer
If we let a stone drop from a height on an earthern pot,what is likely to happen? The pot is likely to break.Similarly,when we raise a hammer to the height of our shoulder and hit it on a concrete block,it breaks.Here the stone and the hammer,can be regarded as possessing energy due to their raised height.This type of energy is called potential energy.We think of this as the energy stored in objects,due to their position and condition.
A fast moving ball can break a glass window
We can easily realise that moving objects also possess energy.For example,a fast moving ball can break the glass pane of a window.Flowing water can move a log of wood from one place to another.This form of energy,possessed by an object due to its motion,is known as the kinetic energy of the object.
If an object possesses either potential energy or kinetic energy or both,we say that the object has mechanical energy.
Heat energy-
Let us boil some water in a container covered with a lid and observe what happens to the lid.The lid is seem to move up and down.The steam formed due to the
steam formed moves the lid
heat.Heat is one of the most common forms of energy.The sun's heat warms warms the earth and this enables it to support a vast variety of life.
Chemical Energy-
burning of wood by a matchstick
When we strike a matchstick against a specific portion of a matchbox ,what happens? A spark is produced which gives out heat and light.In other words ,the material used on the matchsticks,produces energy when it strikes against a matchbox. This type of energy is called as chemical energy.
Light Energy-
Sun is the main source of light energy .It is sunlight that helps us to see everything clearly.It is also used by green plants to make their food. CFL,tubelight are the man-made sources.
sun-main source of light energy
Sound Energy-
Sound is a form of energy . It produced when an object vibrates.For example when we strike a drum with drumsticks it vibrates and produce sound . This type of energy is called as sound energy.
Electrical Energy-
It is now difficult for all of us to imagine a life without electricity.In our day to day life.Electricity is used to run different home appliances like TV and many others.An electric bell sound when electricity flow through it due to electrical energy.
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Components of computer system
A computer system is made up of two components-
Hardware
Software
Hardware-The physical components of a computer system which we can touch and feel.it is the essential part of the computer system.
Software- Software is a set of program which governs smooth operation on the computer system .A software consists of instructions that tells the hardware how to perform a task.It is also a essential part of the computer system.When hardware is unusable software does not work .When software is unusable hardware does not work.
Types of hardware
Input devices- Input device is a piece of hardware equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance.
Processing devices- Processing devices are the components responsible for the processing of information within the computer system.
Storage devices- A storage device is any computing hardware that is used for storing,porting and extracting data files and objects.It can hold and store information both temporary and permanently and can be internal and external.
Communication devices- A communication device is a hardware device capable for transmitting an analog or digital signal over the telephone.
Output devices- Output device response from the computer in the form of a visual response sound or media device.The purpose of these device is to translate the machine.
Types of software-
System software
Application software
System software- System software is a software designed to provide a platform for other software.
In contrast to system software software that allow users to do user-oriented tasks such as create text document, playing games etc.
Application software- Application software is a term which is used for software created for a specific purpose. It is generally a program or collection of program used by end user.It helps the user to perform specific tasks.
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computer-
computer is an electronic device that takes an input,process it and gives an output.It has a ability to store, retrieve and process data.
Main parts of computer-
Monitor-
A computer monitor is an electronic device that shows pictures for computers.Computer monitor is an output device and a piece of computer hardware.
Monitors come in two major types-LCD and CRT,but others exists too,like OLED .CRT monitors look much like old-fashioned televisions and are very deep in size.LCD monitors are much thinner,use less energy and provide a greater graphics quality.
LCD monitor
CRT monitor
CPU-
The full form of CPU is Central Processing Unit.CPU is the central component of the computer system.Sometimes it is called as microprocessor or processor.CPU is the heart and brain of the computer.It receives data input,executes instructions and processes information.
CPU
Keyboard-
A Computer keyboard is an input device that allows a person to enter letters,numbers and other symbols into a computer.it is one of the most used input devices for computers.A keyboard is connected to a computer system using a cable or a wireless connection.
Keyboard
Mouse-
A computer mouse is an input device that is used with a computer.Moving a mouse along a flat surface can move the cursor to different items on the screen.Items can be moved or selected by pressing the mouse buttons called clicking.Today's mice have two buttons-the left button and the right button,with a scroll wheel in between the two.Today many computer mice use wireless technology and have no wire.
Mouse
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Fabric from Fibre
We need cloths to protect our ourselves from heat,cold,rain and germs.Early human beings wore cloths which were made from plants leaves or animal skin.Now a days cloths are generally made from long threads,called fibers.
fibre
fabric
Fibres are either woven,or knitting,to make a fabric.Fabric is then used to make a cloth which we wear.The nature of cloths,that we need to wear,varies from season to season and from place to place.
There are two types of fibre-
1.Natural fibre
2.Synthetic fibre
Natural fibre-Fibres,which are obtained from natural sources,that is,plants and animals,are called natural fibres.
Fibres obtained from plants are-cotton, jute,coir and linen.
Fibres obtained from animals are-wool and silk.
Synthetic fibre-Fibres which are prepared in factories using appropriate chemical.Synthetic fibres are also called as man - made fibres.Nylon,terylene and rylon are some of the example of such synthetic fibre.
Synthetic fibres are better than natural fibres in some respect.They are stronger ,wrinkle-free,have fast colour,do not shrink and are not spoiled by moths.
Cotton- It grows on plants.Cotton plants grow well in black soil.Black is fine as it remains dry from top but remains the moisture inside,this helps the plant to grow.Warm and humid climates ,having temprature of over 16 degree celsius ,providethe most suitable condition for the growth of the cotton plant.Cotton is obtained from the fruit , called bolls.
Jute- It is also obtained from a plant . It is called the golden fibre,because of its colour.It is obtained from the bark of the jute plant which grows well in alluvialn soil.Jute plant uses up the fertility of the soil to a large extent.Fresh soil is,therefore,needed every year for growing jute plants.
Coir- It is obtained from the outer covering of coconut which does not require a very fertile soil for its growth.Red and Yellow soil is suitable for coconut.
Linen- It is obtained from fibres of wax plant.The suitable soils ,for flax are alluvial soil and deep loams.
Wool- It is obtained from the body coat of animals like -camel,sheep etc.The body is called fleece.
Silk- It is obtained from silkworms . These worms grow on the leaves of the mulberry plant.
Production of cloth-
Collection of fibres - spinning- weaving- dyeing-printing- finishing - tailoring
Collection of fibres-Workers collect fibres from different sources . For example-cotton,wool etc.
spinning
Spinning-Fibres are first made into long thread -like strand.These are then spun together to form yarn.The process of making yarn from fibre is called spinning.
Weaving- It is a process of making cloth ,or fabric from yarn. This is done by a weaver.The machine by which this is done is called loom.The natural machine is called handloom.
weaving
Dyeing- After the fabric ia prepared it is given different colours . The processing of colouring the cloth is called dyeing.This is done by a dyer.
Printing- To make the dyed look more attractive beautiful pattern are printed on it.
Finishing-The print cloth is finally made smooth soft and shiny.
Tailoring- The finished cloth is then sent to the market from where we buy it .
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